Kalahari Mn Field - Mamatwan oxide ore
Location - South Africa
Age (of portore) - 2250 Ma
Original size - 160 million tonnes of Mn
References
Gutzmer, J., 1996, Genesis and alteration of the Kalahari and Postmasburg manganese deposits, Griqualand West, South Africa. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Schneiderhan, E.A., Gutzmer, J., Strauss, H., Mexger, K., and Beukes, N.J., 2006, The chemostratigraphy of a Paleoproterozoic MnF- BIF succession – the Voëlwater Subgroup of the Transvaal Supergroup in Griqualand West, South Africa: South African Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 63-80.
Liu, T-B., Maynard, J.B., and Alten, J., 2006, Superheavy S isotopes from glacier-associated sediments of the Neoproterozoic of south China: Oceanic anoxia or sulfate limitation?, in Kesler, S.E., and Ohmoto, H., eds., Evolution of Early Earth's Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere--Constraints from Ore Deposits: Boulder CO, Geological Society of America, Memoir 198, p. 205-222.
major elements - trace elements - rare-earth elements - REE normalized - isotopes
Major Elements, oxide percent
|
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
|
MnO |
Fe2O3tot |
SiO2 |
Al2O3 |
CaO |
MgO |
K2O |
Na2O |
TiO2 |
P2O5 |
LOI |
||
| avg | Mn oxide | 30.0 |
6.74 |
8.64 |
0.15 |
11.52 |
1.64 |
0.66 |
0.59 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
17.4 |
| MMT-094 | todorokite-mangomelane | 68.3 | 6.07 | 1.20 | 0.01 | 2.12 | 1.58 | 0.56 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.019 | 14.4 |
| MMT-091 | todorokite-mangomelane | 65.3 | 7.01 | 3.44 | 0.07 | 4.69 | 1.74 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.010 | 12.1 |
| MMT-095 | todorokite-mangomelane | 62.4 | 6.75 | 6.99 | 0.01 | 2.07 | 1.18 | 1.08 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.021 | 14.1 |
| MMT-093 | todorokite-mangomelane | 61.8 | 6.88 | 4.65 | 0.03 | 1.41 | 2.79 | 0.87 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 16.0 |
| MMT-096 | todorokite-mangomelane | 55.0 | 6.74 | 15.9 | 0.01 | 2.73 | 0.55 | 1.04 | 0.68 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 12.4 |
| MMT-107 | todorokite-mangomelane | 48.9 | 6.18 | 2.86 | 0.36 | 16.7 | 1.36 | 0.11 | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.009 | 19.3 |
| MMT-108 | todorokite-mangomelane | 47.8 | 4.96 | 3.10 | 0.18 | 17.7 | 3.40 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.016 | 19.1 |
| MMT-105 | todorokite-mangomelane | 46.7 | 5.54 | 5.30 | 0.17 | 15.2 | 1.47 | 1.49 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.014 | 20.3 |
| MMT-104 | todorokite-mangomelane | 46.5 | 6.77 | 14.2 | 0.11 | 12.7 | 1.40 | 1.14 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.008 | 13.5 |
| MMT-098 | cement of breccia | 36.5 | 5.35 | 42.1 | 0.17 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 1.53 | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.046 | 9.30 |
| MMT-092 | todorokite-mangomelane | 34.5 | 12.3 | 7.54 | 0.22 | 19.4 | 1.70 | 0.11 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.058 | 21.9 |
| MMT-106 | todorokite-mangomelane | 33.8 | 5.63 | 1.60 | 0.21 | 27.4 | 1.10 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.013 | 25.2 |
| MMT-086-MN | jacobsite | 28.3 | 7.42 | 3.46 | 0.38 | 26.6 | 2.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.029 | 28.1 |
| SO-5100 | supergene | 14.6 | 37.1 | 18.5 | 2.58 | 5.60 | 3.36 | 0.86 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.040 | 15.0 |
| MMT-099 | hematite vein | 9.6 | 64.8 | 15.0 | 0.34 | 4.27 | 0.69 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.003 | 4.60 |
| MMT-084 | hematized | 8.1 | 24.2 | 4.09 | 0.36 | 21.4 | 9.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.012 | 32.5 |
| MMT-103 | goethite fault fill | 6.7 | 10.2 | 63.7 | 1.03 | 8.82 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.071 | 8.00 |
| MMT-100 | goethite fault fill | 5.5 | 17.8 | 61.5 | 0.22 | 6.23 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.085 | 7.40 |
| MMT-083 | jacobsite | 3.8 | 17.6 | 0.83 | 0.22 | 38.3 | 3.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.013 | 36.2 |
| MMT-085 | hematized | 2.8 | 17.8 | 1.43 | 0.31 | 40.7 | 1.18 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.014 | 35.3 |
| MMT-086-HE | hematized | 2.7 | 17.9 | 1.78 | 0.34 | 39.3 | 2.25 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.013 | 35.3 |
| SO-5108 | Hotazel Fe fmn | 0.1 | 35.0 | 67.1 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.040 | 0.86 |
| MMT-101 | goethite fault fill | 0.1 | 80.5 | 12.0 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 3.40 |
Trace elements, ppm
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
ppm |
|
As |
Ba |
Cd |
Co |
Cr |
Cu |
Mo |
Nb |
Ni |
Pb |
Rb |
Sc |
Sr |
Th |
U |
V |
Y |
Zn |
Zr |
| avg | na |
426 |
na |
44 |
15 |
bd |
bd |
na |
na |
bd |
4 |
na |
331 |
na |
na |
15 |
na |
188 |
bd |
| MMT-094 | 1472 |
34 |
26 |
0.5 |
bd |
3 |
144 |
12 |
332 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-091 | |||||||||||||||||||
| MMT-095 | 367 |
38 |
3 |
6 |
bd |
5 |
125 |
11 |
273 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-093 | 85 |
49 |
14 |
1 |
bd |
4 |
111 |
22 |
129 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-096 | 80 |
46 |
35 |
19 |
bd |
6 |
186 |
11 |
655 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-107 | 175 |
35 |
22 |
0.5 |
bd |
0.5 |
238 |
23 |
73 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-108 | 907 |
47 |
20 |
2 |
bd |
2 |
191 |
18 |
23 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-105 | 527 |
62 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
bd |
9 |
480 |
17 |
65 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-104 | 518 |
60 |
16 |
11 |
bd |
6 |
259 |
19 |
75 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-098 | 18 |
57 |
16 |
8 |
bd |
0.5 |
341 |
12 |
557 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-092 | 222 |
30 |
11 |
9 |
bd |
7 |
897 |
14 |
4 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-106 | 566 |
27 |
11 |
0.5 |
bd |
4 |
263 |
7 |
66 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-086-MN | 170 |
47 |
9 |
8 |
bd |
6 |
737 |
14 |
0.5 |
bd |
|||||||||
| SO-5100 | 160 |
2 |
8 |
6 |
23.9 |
62.8 |
0.18 |
12 |
10.1 |
47 |
15.2 |
||||||||
| MMT-099 | 44 |
24 |
59 |
15 |
bd |
5 |
66 |
46 |
227 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-084 | 142 |
3 |
23 |
1 |
bd |
1 |
268 |
11 |
0.5 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-103 | 1105 |
52 |
55 |
20 |
bd |
4 |
256 |
32 |
26 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-100 | 3937 |
68 |
73 |
21 |
bd |
1 |
75 |
23 |
4 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-083 | 83 |
10 |
19 |
14 |
bd |
2 |
113 |
21 |
0.5 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-085 | 145 |
24 |
14 |
9 |
bd |
3 |
670 |
22 |
19 |
bd |
|||||||||
| MMT-086-HE | 137 |
3 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
bd |
3 |
175 |
13 |
0.5 |
bd |
|||||||||
| SO-5108 | 8.9 |
1 |
8 |
10 |
0.6 |
3.7 |
0.07 |
13 |
3.4 |
2 |
2.4 |
||||||||
| MMT-101 | 97 |
0.5 |
89 |
11 |
2 |
0.5 |
23 |
60 |
7 |
bd |
|||||||||
blank or na = not reported; bd = below detection
Rare-earth elements, ppm
|
||||||||||||||
| Sample | La |
Ce |
Pr |
Nd |
Sm |
Eu |
Gd |
Tb |
Dy |
Ho |
Er |
Tm |
Yb |
Lu |
| avg | 10 |
11 |
2.2 |
10.4 |
2.4 |
na |
2.5 |
na |
2.3 |
na |
1.8 |
na |
na |
na |
| MMT-094 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-091 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-095 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-093 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-096 | 11 |
16 |
2.3 |
11 |
2.2 |
2 |
1.8 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
|||||
| MMT-107 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-108 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-105 | 9.6 |
5.9 |
2.1 |
9.8 |
2.5 |
3 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
|||||
| MMT-104 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-098 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-092 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-106 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-086-MN | ||||||||||||||
| SO-5100 | 4.1 |
5.2 |
0.56 |
2.5 |
0.5 |
0.16 |
0.74 |
0.12 |
1.01 |
0.24 |
0.87 |
0.14 |
0.9 |
0.16 |
| MMT-099 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-084 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-103 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-100 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-083 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-085 | ||||||||||||||
| MMT-086-HE | ||||||||||||||
| SO-5108 | 2.3 |
3.1 |
0.26 |
1 |
0.1 |
0.07 |
0.29 |
0.025 |
0.38 |
0.08 |
0.32 |
0.025 |
0.3 |
0.06 |
| MMT-101 | ||||||||||||||
Rare-earth elements, normalized to chondritic values of Taylor & McLennan (1992)
|
|||||||||||||||
Sample |
LaN |
CeN |
PrN |
NdN |
SmN |
EuN |
GdN |
TbN |
YbN |
Ce/Ce* |
Eu/Eu* |
LaN/YbN |
Ce/Ce* @Al=0 |
LaN/YbN @Al=0 |
|
| avg | 28.1 |
11.4 |
16.1 |
14.6 |
10.2 |
na |
8.2 |
na |
9.3 |
0.539 |
na |
3.026 |
0.54 |
na |
3.03 |
| MMT-094 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-091 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-095 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-093 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-096 | 29.97 |
16.72 |
16.79 |
15.47 |
9.52 |
6.54 |
7.26 |
0.745 |
4.130 |
||||||
| MMT-107 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-108 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-105 | 26.16 |
6.17 |
15.33 |
13.78 |
10.82 |
9.80 |
11.29 |
0.308 |
2.317 |
||||||
| MMT-104 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-098 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-092 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-106 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-086-MN | |||||||||||||||
| SO-5100 | 11.17 |
5.43 |
4.09 |
3.52 |
2.16 |
1.84 |
2.42 |
2.07 |
4.07 |
0.804 |
0.804 |
2.743 |
|||
| MMT-099 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-084 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-103 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-100 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-083 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-085 | |||||||||||||||
| MMT-086-HE | |||||||||||||||
| SO-5108 | 6.27 |
||||||||||||||
| MMT-101 | |||||||||||||||
Isotopes
|
||||||||||
Sample |
%S ore | δ34S ore, sulfide | %S host | δ34S host, sulfide | δ13C pdb | δ18O pdb | δ18O smow | Stotal % | Ccarb % | 87Sr/86Sr |
| avg | -7.51 |
21.59 |
-9.12 |
. |
||||||
| MMT-094 | 0.0025 |
0.0355 |
||||||||
| MMT-091 | -10.80 |
19.51 |
-11.20 |
0.0000 |
1.0561 |
|||||
| MMT-095 | 0.0025 |
0.0300 |
||||||||
| MMT-093 | 0.0025 |
0.0273 |
||||||||
| MMT-096 | -8.40 |
24.71 |
-6.00 |
0.0025 |
0.1419 |
|||||
| MMT-107 | -8.60 |
19.41 |
-11.30 |
0.0030 |
2.6743 |
|||||
| MMT-108 | -9.60 |
19.01 |
-11.70 |
0.0015 |
3.9842 |
|||||
| MMT-105 | -7.40 |
24.11 |
-6.60 |
0.0070 |
2.3469 |
|||||
| MMT-104 | -7.60 |
25.91 |
-4.80 |
0.0025 |
0.4666 |
|||||
| MMT-098 | -9.00 |
25.01 |
-5.70 |
0.0025 |
0.0573 |
|||||
| MMT-092 | -8.40 |
24.71 |
-6.00 |
0.0210 |
3.9569 |
|||||
| MMT-106 | -7.40 |
22.51 |
-8.20 |
0.0150 |
5.4033 |
|||||
| MMT-086-MN | -8.00 |
18.41 |
-12.30 |
0.0200 |
6.6859 |
|||||
| SO-5100 | 0.0356 |
3.9214 |
||||||||
| MMT-099 | 0.0025 |
0.7532 |
||||||||
| MMT-084 | -4.00 |
22.61 |
-8.10 |
0.0015 |
8.6780 |
|||||
| MMT-103 | -8.10 |
25.01 |
-5.70 |
0.0145 |
0.5458 |
|||||
| MMT-100 | 0.0025 |
0.9469 |
||||||||
| MMT-083 | -5.10 |
17.01 |
-13.70 |
0.0100 |
9.7423 |
|||||
| MMT-085 | -4.70 |
19.21 |
-11.50 |
0.0080 |
9.4148 |
|||||
| MMT-086-HE | -5.60 |
16.71 |
-14.00 |
0.0095 |
9.4148 |
|||||
| SO-5108 | 0.0493 |
0.0000 |
||||||||
| MMT-101 | 0.0821 |
0.4284 |
||||||||